top of page

Filmmaking is a chance to live many lifetimes

robert altman

THERE ARE LOADS OF COOKIES BELOW.

PLEASE

REFRESH AT LEAST TWICE

BEFORE SURFING TO ENSURE ALL CONTENT

Research Representation

The Power of Media and the Preferred Readings

REPRESENTATION

The description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way.

Media Representation

Representation is concerned with the way that people, ideas and events are presented to us by the media; represented in magazines, news, soaps, films, TV game shows etc.

 

The Media rely on the audience understanding these representations and accepting them.

​

Hegemonic ideals

The concept of one social group dominating another social group through consent or coercion.

 

Preferred Reading

The conglomerate’s vision of a specific stereotype that they would like the audience to view and think as, through the media product.

​

It is not possible for the media to present the world as it really is: the reality.

​

This is because the media constructs meanings about the world and therefore they change or mediate what is really there.

Richy Srirachanikorn (4089)

EXAM Q:

Explain how ‘They live’ represents Hegemonic ideals, preferred reading and dominant ideology through Media?

In the film “Live it”, the representation of conglomerates and the consumers in a capitalistic society are exposed and explored by the protagonist’s enlightenment through the mise en scene of the sunglasses. 

​

This is a symbol of the breakthrough between the manifest and latent content of the world we live in which is built around media products. The revealing of the dominant ideologies and preferred readings are seen in the transformation of billboards, newspapers and magazines; all of which are hegemonic forms, as part of Gramsci’s Theory with “Cultural Hegemony”, which suggests that through cultural hegemony, the hegemonic (media products) forms can be used to manipulate consumers into instilling the institution’s preferred reading.

 

For example, using the editing of a cut between two versions of the media product between a warm-coloured and picture-filled “Welcome to the caribbean”, to a gray scaled world with the short message of “Marry and Reproduce”. The physical form of the sexualized woman acts as the representation of women as pleasure for men, and is the preferred reading of the conglomerates.

 

Thus, the billboard of the relaxing woman through the protagonist’s vision, reveals the hidden preferred reading of a sexualized female to fulfill the dominant ideology for the male consumers to “marry and reproduce”.

EXPLAIN

POINT

EXAMPLE

LINK

Richy Srirachanikorn (4089)

EXAM Q:

"Everything we see or hear on the T.V. is real"

Using an example, explain whether you think this statement is true or false.

I believe that this statement is partially true to a certain extent.

 

Everything that we, the consumers, see and hear on television and all media platforms such as magazines, radio, newspapers and advertisements, are arguably pre-designed with the intention to sell with the most profit. In order to ensure this, the conglomerates of news agency institutions may filter out parts of the full event, tragic or not, and mediating them into fitting their preferred reading for the consumers in the new representation that they are making of the same story. 

 

For example, the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy has been broadcasted and covered world-wide, however only a handful can be considered as a holistic and credible cover. The main aspects of the event focused around the suspicion and ultimately the capture of Lee Harvey Oswald and his location of the Texas School Book Depository where he allegedly took the fatal shots. However, the eyewitness’ interviews of other suspicious encounters through civilian's voice recorders and polaroid cameras were mostly ignored, with the conglomerates of news agencies heavily depending on the Texas Police, symbolism of the American Law’s, confidence that Oswald was the sole criminal and they had captured the perpetrator of a huge case, only where the tables turn 40 years later, with many empirical evidences that Oswald could have not taken JFK’s life alone, and the other theories of the Babushka Lady, and the involvement of an internal ‘mole’ could potentially be considered if the eyewitness’ testimonies and information were to be publicized and heard by the conglomerates back then.

 

To explain this, and theorized by Gramsci, the conglomerates carve their preferred reading of Oswald’s betrayal to America (he had associations with Russia) through specific segments of the event in various hegemonic forms by consent, as well as subliminally imprinting the dominant ideology of how those betraying America- especially targeting to Russia, that the American Force is superior and will ultimately capture any terror acts from opposing countries. This however, limits the audience to only what they are shown, and leading the consumers to become manipulated and practically ‘blind’ to the whole insight and possibility of the event.

 

Therefore, it can be argued that everything we see on hegemonic forms are only a chunk of the truth, but are mostly overshadowed by the ‘truth’ seen through the conglomerate’s preferred reading of their depiction of the event’s ‘reality’, only for their own benefits of publicity and profit. Thus, if the statement applies to only the conglomerates and institution's "reality" of the event, then this statement is completely true, otherwise only to an extent.

EXAM Q:

"The role of film is to accurately portray people, places, and situations"

Evaluate whether you agree or disagree with this statement

I partially agree to this statement to an extent, in the sense that this "accurate portrayal of people, places and situations" are only subjective to the film's preferred reading, the conglomerate's vision for the consumers of what they want “reality” to look like, and only filter parts of the truth that will reinforce and undermine the dominant ideologies that the conglomerate desires.

 

For example, the movie that portrays people and places accurately in its preferred reading is “It Lives”. It portrays the “reality” of consumers being manipulated and their interactions with the media controlled by the conglomerates. In addition, the hidden world (“location”) of subtext behind advertisements is exposed through a visual representation of a gray, dull, repetitive world that is roamed by the blinded public and skull-faced conglomerates.

 

This representation of a scary and alienated form of the conglomerates implies the preferred reading from the filmmakers on their intentions to isolate the conglomerates to the consumers, and accentuating their evilness and monstrous persona in manipulating society through various hegemonic forms. As theorized by Gramsci, this is a perfect example of how the film “Live it”- a hegemonic form, can contain the preferred readings of the power bloc’s control in media, and deliver the dominant ideology of the manipulation of the media and conglomerates over the public, to the consumers.

 

Thus, the representation of people (the evil conglomerates) in Live It are only as accurate as the filmmakers desire it to become, as long as it fulfills and satisfies the dominant ideology and benefits of the conglomerate commissioning the media product.

​

In terms of representing situations, this may be the most over-exaggerated aspect that films possess. The physics, chances and consequences of real-life situations are seldom considered, hence being accurately portrayed frame by frame.

 

In situations such as terrorists attacks on government officials in Air Force One, the film can be argued to weigh heavily on their preferred reading on the terrorist and protagonists’ appearances, with russian speaking and foreign, sadistic actors to paint the enemy and inhumane portrayal of terrorists, while the president is an attractive, well-built and white man, who is a decorated war veteran to emphasize the propaganda of nationalism through consent.

 

Meanwhile, the reality of the situation with one man (being the president) taking down a whole plane of terrorists is beyond the chances of reality. Through this diversion, the film forces the audiences to think less about what is real, and focused more on the representation of the situation and the stereotypes shown of the characters, while receiving gratification under the dominant ideology to praise America as united and strong against all opposing forces.

MISE EN SCENE

Research; Learning about the theoretical side of representation, it is now an appropriate time to apply representation ideals, concepts and theories into practicality of mise en scene, which will represent meanings through visual objects in each frames in the short film GRATIFY.

The visual information that is put into a scene or a frame. It communicates information to the audience, by representing people, places and events

Settings and

Props

Costume, Hair

and   Makeup

Lighting and

Colour

Facial Expression

and Body Language

Blocking and

Composition of Frame

Reflect; Now understanding the factors that makes up the perfect example of mise en scene, the dream team can now decide on what factor to employ into the visual meaning in the entirety of GRATIFY.

ResearchIntending to create the meaning of an isolated and outcasted student, I referred to films that had characters in leading roles who were physically and/or mentally trapped in a confined area.

ReflectUsing examples from American Beauty (1999) and The Silence of the Lambs (1991), the outcasted characters confined by mise en scene of glass barriers and square shaped windows can connote to that of a prison bar.

RelateOne of the mise en scene factors that will be incorporated into our short film will be Blocking and Composition of Frame, in which the scene on the left aims to represent the protagonist being trapped in this new hegemonic society. Using the blocking and composition of the school gate overlaying the boy to physically show an obstacle, but to also hint a preferred reading that those who do not fit in or are inferior to the power blocs will be treated as being prisoners with no rights or freedom of speech, in which the mise en scene of the gate is aiming to paint in this single frame.

Doctor Lecter's physical trap, of a glass prison, but not closed off in people's mind- the mise en scene of the see through class can hint his escapism through his psychological tricks beyond the physical form.

The Silence of the Lambs (1991)

Kevin Spacey in the opening; unsure about his existence and almost a man with internal conflicts- the prison shaped window mise en scene traps him within his own home- a place to feel most safest- suggests discomfort and tension in his own heart.

American Beauty (1999)

ResearchInspired to use mise en scene to create meaning and the preferred reading that consumers are consuming every hegemonic form as if it were food- I looked into some films with a variety of food and how they apply to Blocking and Composition of Frame and Settings and Prop factor of mise en scene.

ReflectThe intended sequence to create is a cross dissolve from frame 39 of various food into media devices replacing the food, with everything kept in its original position and form; lighting, the table, shadows, camera angle of POV, and placement of plates and appliances. 

RelateIn GRATIFY, the inspiration of food composition in the frame will play an important role after the cross dissolve and revealing of the manifest meaning of the devices as the food served. If placed appropriately, this can accentuate the devices and the hidden meaning will become, as complemented by the visual framing, more significant to the audience. Also, having a group shot of objects (being food) can allow for depth of field techniques to be employed in the cinematography.

Mise en scene of food scattered around the table

The Big Friendly Giant (2016)

POV shot of various food placed in interesting composition in

Eat Drink Man Woman (1994)

MEDIA A2

bottom of page